|
| |
| AFRICAN-AMERICAN SPECIFIC LINKS AND MATERIALS |
| |
| For Colonial Era to 1899 Links and
Materials (click here) |
| |
| From Slavery to the Supreme Court:
The African-American Journey through the Federal Courts: This site is the
homepage of the Just the Beginning Foundation. The Foundation was formed to, among
other things, commemorate the contributions of African-Americans to the federal judiciary,
and to document the experiences of African-American lawyers and judges. The site
contains a book which is
primarily a collection of biographies, highlighting the lives and accomplishments of the
106 African-American federal judges, past and present. (There have been 106
African-Americans out of the more than 2,540 Article III federal judges appointed.)
There are also chapters on the history of the Foundation and the Integration of the
Federal Bench. The site also contains an Online Exhibit, which tells a
small part of the story of the struggle of African-Americans in the legal system and the
emergence of African-American judges in the federal courts. This excellent exhibit
starts with the 17th Century and contains short articles on topics such as the slave
revolts, the NAACP civil rights strategy, and legal education. It also contains a
list of the first African-American lawyer in every state. |
|
| NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund:
This site exists to publicize the work of the Fund's Western Regional Office
located in Los Angeles, California. The site contains summaries of cases the office
is involved in and litigation documents related to those cases. It also contains a
summary anlysis of the 1996 Proposition 209 election results and a detailed description of
Riots and Rebellion, a CD-ROM which puts the Rodney King beating and police reform in a
broader legal, social, and political context. |
|
| National Urban League: The
League is one of the country's oldest organizations devoted to empowering
African-Americans to enter the economic and social mainstream. In addition to
detailed descriptions of the organization's many programs, the site includes a number of
reports on topics such as police brutality and the criminal justice system. The site
also includes a virtual library containing press releases, speeches, and publications. |
|
| National Bar Association: This
organization is the largest association of African-American attorneys in the United
States. The site includes the names, addresses, and phone numbers of its affilate chapters
across the country. |
|
| National Conference of Black Lawyers:
The Conference is an association of progressive lawyers, scholars, judges,
legal workers, law students, and legal activists. The site includes contact
information for the organization's chapters around the country. |
|
| National Black Law Students Association:
The Association is the largest student-run organization in the country and has over
200 chapters across the country. The site includes a newsletter, press releases, and
information about the organization's moot court competition. |
|
| NAACP Online: The NAACP
is the country's largest civil rights organization. The site contains press
releases, report cards on companies in a number of industries and on the members of the
106th Congress, information on the organization's programs, and a good links page. |
|
| Rainbow/Push Coalition: The
Coalition is a multiracial, multi-issue, international organization working to move the
nation and the world toward social, racial, and economic justice. The site contains
the transcripts of recent speeches by the Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, the group's founder and
president, and others, press releases, and archives of RPC Fax, a weekly analysis of
public policy issues. |
|
| Black Radical Congress:
The mission of the Congress is to promote dialogue among African-American activists
and scholars on the left, to discuss critical issues on the national and international
scene that pertain to the Black community, to explore new strategies and directions for
progressive political, social, and cultural movements, and to renew the Black radical
movement through united action. The site includes recent editions of the group's
newsletter, press releases, sign-up information for a number of discussion lists, and
contact information for its local organizing committees. |
|
| National Council of Negro Women: The
Council's mission is to help women improve the quality of life for themselves, their
families, and their communities. The site contains descriptions of the group's
programs and contact information for its chapters around the country. |
|
| African-American
Studies/Womanist Critique: This site, created by the Women Studies
Department at Northern Arizona University, contains a list of links to sites dealing with
African-American women. |
|
| Blackgirl International: This
site is a huge list of web sites that are about Black women, contain content of particular
importance to Black women, or are produced by Black women. The sections include
organizations, resources, education, history, politics, literature, entertainment, and
periodicals. |
|
| Blackstripe: This site
exists to provide information for and about same-gender-loving, lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgendered people of African descent. It includes news, articles, book
reviews, and an extensive list of links. The site also contains the Blacklist, a list of lesbian, gay,
bisexual, and transgendered people of African descent. |
|
| The
Black
Population in the U.S.: This Census Bureau site contains demographic data
about the African-American population in the United States. In April
2003 the Census Bureau issued a report entitled The
Black Population in the United States: March 2002 in
pdf format. It is also available from this link.
It presents data on the demographic, social, and economic characteristics
of the Black population in the United States. The
Black Popluation:2000, also in pdf format. |
|
| Womanist Theory and Research:
This journal is a publication of the Institute for African-American Studies and the
University of Georgia. It is a peer-edited, interdisciplinary, intercultural,
international journal on women of color. The full text of all the published articles
is available on the site. The site also contains a page of relevant links. |
|
| Fisk University's Race Relations
Institute: The Institute promotes and facilitates scholarly research on the
emergence and perpetuation of the global system of racism. The site includes
articles and essays, information about conferences and events, and links to related sites. |
|
| Joint Center for Political and
Economic Studies: The Center is a national institution that conducts
research on public policy issues of special concern to Black Americans and other people of
color. The site contains the DataBank which offers current
and trend data on a boad range of information and includes as a standard feature
comparison data on African-Americans and other racial and ethnic populations, reports,
issues of its magazine, an international affairs section, a section on the Minority Business Roundtable with
its own links page and some interesting demographic information, and a section on the
Network of Alliances Bridging Race and
Ethnicity with its own extensive Resources pages. |
|
| The
Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families: This site is a companion to an episode
of the PBS show Frontline entitled "Secret Daughter" originally aired in
November 1996. The show tells the story of a mixed race daughter and the mother who
gave her away. The site contains the transcript of the show and information on
ordering tapes. It also discusses some historical and contemporary examples of
famous racially mixed families. Contemporary celebrities with African ancestry
discussed include Heather Locklear and Peter Ustinov. |
|
| Are
Emily and Brendan More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field
Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination (2002)(pdf):
In this experiment by Marianne Betrand and Sendhil Mullainathan of the
University of Chicago Graduate School of Business the researchers answered
help-wanted ads in Boston and Chicago newspapers by sending resumes.
They attempted to control perceptions of race by randomly assigning each
resume either a very African-American name or a very White sounding
name. This manipulation produced a significant gap in the rate of
callbacks for interviews. White names elicited about 50 percent more
callbacks than African-American names. Additionally, for Whites the
higher quality resumes elicited 30 percent more callbacks. For
African-Americans, however, the higher quality resumes did not elicit
significantly more callbacks. The study is also available from this
link. |
|
| Statement
by the African-American Faculty of the University of North Carolina School
of Law Regarding the Visit of Justice Clarence Thomas (February 28,
2002)(pdf file): Before Clarence Thomas,
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and an
African-American, visited the UNC School of Law on March 6, 2002, the
school's five African-American faculty issued this Statement explaining
their decision not to participate in any of the institutional gestures
designed to honor him. (To their Statement they attached
"An Open
Letter to Justice Clarence Thomas from a Federal Judicial Colleague",
written by Judge A. Leon Higginbotham and published in the
University of Pennsylvania Law Review. Written shortly after Justice
Thomas' confirmation, the letter, though critical of some of Thomas' past
actions and expressing skepticism about his future performance on the
Supreme Court, expressed the hope that he would become "a thoughtful
and worthy successor to Justice Marshall in the ever ongoing struggle to
assure equal justice under law for all persons.") The law
school's Black Law Student Association sponsored a Teach-In on Thomas'
judicial philosophies the day before his visit which was attended by the
African-American faculty. The
Teach-In Materials contain extensive information
about Thomas judicial record and are available in the pdf format. |
|
| The O.J. Simpson Trial: Seeing the Elephant:
I wrote this short article as the Foreward to the 1995 Symposium Issue,
Vol. 6 No.2, of the Hastings
Womens Law Journal which focused on the case. It contains some of my
thoughts on the controversy surrounding the Simpson criminal trial and what it said about
race, gender, and class in the United States. |
|
| The O.J.
Simpson Trial 1995: This site, part of the Famous Trials Project
by Professor Doug Linder of the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, includes
an account of the trial, excerpts from the trial transcript, a chrononlogy, maps,
photographs, a bibliography, and a list of relevant links. |
|
| The
Trials of the Los Angeles Police Officers in Connection with the Beating
of Rodney King 1992 & 1993: In March of 1991
a video tape was shown on television stations around the country showing
an African-American man, Rodney King, beating beaten by a large group of
police officers. Most who saw the tape believed that the officers
used excessive force in making the arrest. A year later a jury
acquitted the police officers involved of criminal charges, and within
hours Los Angeles was in flames resulting from some of the worst rioting
in its history. This site, part of the Famous Trials Project
by Professor Doug Linder of the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, includes
the famous video tape of the beating, a Chronology of Events, the police
reports, excerpts of the state court trial transcript, selected images, the
Supreme Court decision, a bibliography, and a page of relevant links. |
|
| The
Confirmation of Clarence Thomas as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
(1991): Thomas, only the second African-American appointed to the Court,
was confirmed after one of the most heated judicial confirmation battles in American
history. This site contains the transcripts of both the initial Senate Judiciary
Committee hearings on the nomination and the reopened hearings following the disclosure of
the sexual harrassment allegations against Thomas by Professor Anita Hill of the
University of Oklahoma Law School, also African-American. The site also contains the
transcripts of other proceedings, documents relating to the confirmation controversy, a
bibliography, and an extensive list of links to relevant sites and materials including
student papers. |
|
| Loving
v. Virginia (1967): In Loving the United States Supreme Court
concluded that the Virginia law which prohibited Blacks and whites from marrying in the
state or marrying elsewhere and returning was unconstitutional. The Court
asserted, "[t]he fact that Virginia prohibits only interracial marriages involving
white persons demonstrates that the racial classifications must stand on their own
justification, as measures designed to maintain White Supremacy." 388
U.S. 1, at 11. The site contains the Supreme Court opinions and also the oral
argument before the Court. This link provides
a brief statement of the facts of the case and lists some articles which discuss it.
A made for TV movie telling the story of the Lovings was made in 1996 starring Ruby
Dee, Lela Rochon, and Tmothy Hutton. More information about the film is available
from this link to the Internet Movie Data Base: Mr.&
Mrs.Loving. |
|
| Law and the Politics of
Marriage: Loving v. Virginia After 30 Years: This site is devoted to a
conference by that name held November 19-21, 1997, at one of its sponsors, The Catholic
University of America's Columbus School of Law. The conference was cosponsored by
the Howard University School of Law and the J. Rueben Clark School of Law at Brigham Young
University. The site describes the presentations made at the conference and contains
RealAudio versions of two of them. One of the presentations one can listen to at the
site is by Professor A. Pratt, a history professor at the University of Georgia who grew
up knowing Richard and Mildred Loving. It discusses the human and political story
behind the case and provides information on what happened to the couple after the Supreme
Court decision. The other discusses the connection between Loving and contemporary
challenges and is by Professor Stephen Carter of the Yale Law School. |
|
| U.S.
v. Cecil Price, et. al.- The "Mississippi Burning" Trial 1967: Michael
Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney, three civil rights workers, came to
Mississippi in 1964 to work in the Mississippi Summer Project and were shot to death.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation's search for their murderers was depicted in
the 1988 movie "Mississippi Burning" and led to the trial which is the subject
of this site. The site, also part of the Famous Trials Project,
includes an account of the trial, a chronology, biographies of the key figures,
excerpts from the trial transcript, the Supreme Court decision, pictures, a bibliography,
and a list of relevant links. The 948
page summary of the FBI's investigation is also available from its website. |
|
| Freedom
Summer 1964: After about a thousand young
African-Americans and whites went to Mississippi in the summer of 1964 to
peacefully work against racism, it became known as Freedom Summer.
This website contains a radio documentary on that summer, divided into
three segments, a narrative describing the events, a number of interviews
with participants, and a slide show with photographs. |
|
| Civil Rights in
Mississippi- A Digital Archive: The goal of this project is to create an
Internet-accessible, fully searchable database of digitized versions of rare and unique
library and archival resources on race relations in Mississippi. The site contains a
substantial number of oral
history transcripts on the Civil Rights Movement. One of the people
interviewed is Dr. Sandra Adickes, whose civil rights lawsuit reached the Supreme
Court. The site also includes descriptions of other materials in the archives that
may be digitized in the future, and a page of links to other Civil Rights Movement
resources. |
|
| Martin Luther King, Jr.
Papers Project: The Project located at Stanford University is a major
research effort to assemble and disseminate historical information concerning Martin
Luther King, Jr. and the social movements in which he participated and was initiated by
the King Center for Nonviolent Social
Change. The site includes the papers, speeches, sermons, and articles
written by Dr. King. It also has information as to how published versions of these
materials can be ordered. |
|
| The
Role of Law in Social Change (pdf): This
paper, written by Steve B. Chu while a law student, examines the views of
Martin Luther King, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, and Malcolm X on the
role of law in furthering social change. |
|
| Powerful Days: The
Civil Rights Photography of Charles Moore (1958-1965): This site contains
a collection of powerful photographs chronicling the Civil Rights Movement. Many
believe that these images helped to gain support for the Movement and quicken passage of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Among other things, they show the arrest of Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., in Montgomery, Alabama in 1958, the use of U.S. marshalls to gain James
Meridith's admission to the University of Mississippi in 1962, and the police using dogs
and water hoses on demonstrators in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. |
|
| The Death of
Emmett Till: This site provides an account of the events surrounding the
murder of a 14 year old Black youth in Mississippi in 1955 for flirting with a white
woman. The two murderers were acquitted by an all white jury following a very short
deliberation. The site includes passages from Anne Moody's book, Coming of Age in
Mississippi, which contains her recollections of the events, and from The Death of Emmett
Till, the song Bob Dylan wrote about them. |
|
| The
Murder of Emmett Till: This site allows the user to listen to a 29 minute
RealAudio file of an excellent radio documentary about the murder and the trial.
The documentary includes interviews with Till's mother, Mamie Till Bradley, and one
of his murderers. |
|
| The Emmett Till
Disaster: This site provides a one page summary of Till's murder, but includes
the famous photograph of Till's body at the top. The fourteen year old was shot in
the head, one of his eyes were gouged out, and one side of his head was smashed in.
Nonetheless, his mother insisted on an open casket funeral so the entire world could see
what they did to her son. The picture appeared in Jet Magazine and enraged
African-Americans throughout the country. Another site with a good short account of
the events is The Murder
of Emmett Till. |
|
| Brown v. Board of Education
National Historic Site: This National Historic Site is located in Topeka,
Kansas, and both it and this web site are administered by the National Park Service.
In Brown the United States Supreme Court held that state statutes requiring or permiting
the segregation of white and African-American children in state public schools solely on
the basis of race violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment of the
United States Constitution. The Court set the case for reargument on the issue of
how its decision was to be implemented. After the reargument the Court issued Brown
II, its second opinion. This site contains information about all the cases from
around the country which the Court consolidated under the Brown name, both of the Court's
Brown opinions, a list of cases litigated by Charles Hamilton Houston, special counsel for
the NAACP, which led to Brown, and a Resources section containing an extensive
bibliography and list of primary sources. The first Brown opinion can also be found
at this site,
and Brown II is also available from this link.
Copies of the court documents from the Brown case filed in Kansas can be obtained
from the Kansas State
Historical site devoted to the case. |
|
| In Pursuit of Freedom and Equality:
Brown v. Board of Education: The Washburn University School of Law
makes this site available for the Brown Foundation for Educational
Equity, Excellence, and Research as a resource for information and source
material about Brown and related topics. The site contains a short background
summary of the case, an electronic exhibit, and the archives of the Brown Quarterly, a
newsletter for classroom teachers. The Research Sources section of
the site contains an Orentation Handbook discussing Brown and the cases leading up to it,
the opinions in Brown and related cases, a list of the participants in the Brown
Foundation's oral history project, and a bibliography listing citations to books related
to Brown. For a site outlining a unit for high school students on school
desegregation focusing on Brown, follow this link. It includes
sample lesson plans, discussions of the assigned readings, and bibliographies for both
teachers and students. Another
site on Brown v. Board of Education contains excerpts
from editorials from around the country on the ruling, several political
cartoons done in response to it, a note by Justice Frankfurter as to how
quickly desegregation should occur, and other information relevant to the
case. This site is part of landmarkcases.org,
which provides teachers with resources and activities to
support the teaching of landmark Supreme Court cases. |
|
| The
History of the Civil Rights Movement in Prince Edward County Virginia (1951-1964):
This article describes the events leading up to one of the cases consolidated as Brown
v. Board of Education and what happened in the aftermath of the Supreme Court's
decision. It is part of
a website sponsored by the Longwood College Library, "They Closed Their
Schools". In 1951 the students at the all-black
Moton High School in Prince Edward
County walked out and staged a boycott to protest the separate but clearly unequal
conditions at the school. After Brown was decided, all the public schools in
the county were closed to avoid integration, and a private, publicly funded school for
white children was opened with extensive support from around the South. The article includes a bibliography.
The site contains links to a number of articles about the
closing of the schools in Prince Edward County and related websites and lists books and
journal articles which discuss it. Moton High has now become the site of the
Moton Museum and has been designated a National
Historic Landmark. An online exhibit presented by the James Branch
Cabell Library of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Separate
But Equal: Race, Education, and Prince Edward County, Virginia,
also explores the history of school segregation in
Prince Edward County in the 1950s and the 1960s. Most of the
materials presented in the exhibit are taken from the papers of Dr. Edward
H. Peeples, Emeritus Professor of VCU. The exhibit contains
photographs documenting the disparity between Black and white public
schools in the county, a documents section containing a number of papers
and reports, an excellent bibliography, and a page of links to related
sites. After the public schools were closed in the county, the
county's Black children and many low-income white children were without
local access to public education for five years. Consequently, the
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) started the Emergency Student
Placement Program which sought to relocate students without access to
education with families in communities across the country so that they
could continue their education. The
Special Collection on AFSC Work in Prince Edward County Virginia website
contains an index describing the AFSC records available pertaining to its
activities and information on accessing the records. These records
include correspondence, minutes, studies, and reports and are available in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. |
|
| The History
of Jim Crow: This site is designed for educators
and presents teachers with new historical resources and teaching ideas on
the Jim Crow Era. It contains both short and in-depth historical
essays, first hand narratives on a variety of subjects, and an image
gallery with themed collections. The geography section contains
a short overview of
Jim Crow legislation (available from the link as a pdf
file) and provides state by state information on the Jim Crow laws passed
with the year of enactment. There is also a section on the
literature that addresses the Jim Crow years. It is an award-winning
site, and it is easy to understand why. |
|
| Behind the
Veil: Documenting African-American Life in the Segregated South:
Behind the Veil is a major research project being conducted
at Duke University into the history of African-American life during the
age of Jim Crow, roughly from the 1890s to the 1950s. The project
has collected hundreds of life-history interviews with the first hand
testimony of ordinary men and women who lived behind the veil. The
site contains a number of audio clips with excerpts from the oral
histories. These clips are from Remembering Jim Crow:
African-Americans Tell about Life in the Segregated South, a book and
cd set which includes excerpts from hundreds of interviews and two hours
of recordings, the first publication to emerge from the Project. Remembering
Jim Crow is also the name of an hour long
National Public Radio documentary, which is included on the cd, and the
extensive online documentary which accompanies it. The Resources
section of that website contains the entire hour long radio documentary,
divided into three segments, a transcript of the program, and a selection
of links and books on the subject. The site also contains additional
audio clips of interviews with people who suffered the indignities of
Jim Crow, slideshow presentations, written personal stories, and a
sampling of Jim Crow laws. The Behind the Veil website also includes a section on Educator Resources which includes
suggestions for further reading and an extensive links page. |
|
| A
Sampling of "Jim Crow" Laws: From the
1880s to the 1960s the laws of many American states prohibited people from
different races engaging in various activities together and mandated
racial segregation in numerous aspects of everyday life. This site
contains descriptions of a number of these laws. |
|
| Lynching in
America: Statistics, Information, Images: This site contains lynching
statistics by year, race, state, and supposed offense from 1882 to 1968. The last
lynchings were reported in 1964. The site also contains links to relevant
sites. |
|
| Lynching and Race
Riots in the United States 1880-1950: This article discusses anti-Black
violence and focuses upon lynching, race riots, and the African-American response to them.
The site outlines a unit designed as part of a course in African-American History
for high schoool students and contains a bibliography. |
|
| The
Press and Lynchings of African Americans and the Press: This
site contains a summary of an article by the same title by Professor
Richard M. Perloff which appears in the Journal of Black Studies, January
2000, pp. 315-330. The article examines how newspapers discussed
lynchings on their news and editorial pages and includes a list of
references. |
|
| Lynching
in America: This site focuses on a 1897
lynching in Urbana, Ohio of an African-American and includes excerpts from
newspaper editorials from around the country discussing it. Some of
the editorials seem to endorse the practice of lynching. |
|
| The Origins and
History of Lynching: This very short article was written by a colege
student as part of a class project and contains a bibliography. |
|
| Lynching:
This site contains a list of links to sites and materials related to
lynching. |
|
| Without Sanctuary:
Lynching Photography in America: This site contains photographs and
postcards taken as "souvenirs" at lynchings throughout the United States.
The pictures can be experienced as a flash movie with narrative comments or as a
gallery. The photographs together with some essays have been published in book form,
Without Sanctuary by Twin Palms Publishers. |
|
| The
Integration of the Armed Services: On July 26, 1948, President Harry
Truman signed Executive
Order 9981 establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and
Opportunity in the Armed Forces and leading to the integration of the armed services.
This site discusses the process of that integration. Additionally, it
contains a section
on the History of Blacks in Military Service, an extensive list of relevant
links, and some film clips. |
|
| The
Desegregation of the Armed Services: This site contains an excellent
timeline summarizing the events leading to the desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces and
a large collection of official documents from the Truman Library which were part of that
process. |
|
| Sweatt v. Painter
Archive: In 1946 the University of Texas School of Law denied Herman
Marion Sweatt admission because he was an African-American, and it was reserved for
whites. Sweatt filed suit, and in a 1950 decision the
United States Supreme Court ordered that the school be integrated. The site contains
historical records linked to the litigation including university records, litigation
materials, newspapers, and oral histories. |
|
| Photographs
of Signs Enforcing Racial Discrimination (1937-1943): This
site contains more than thirty photographs taken by photographers working
for the federal government's Farm Security Administration Historical
Section (later transferred to the Office of War Information). The
photographers were encouraged to document continuity and change in
American life and were particularly encouraged to take pictures of
billboards and signs as one indicator of such developments. |
|
| "Scottsboro
Boys" Trials 1931-1937: In 1931 case nine young Black men were
charged with raping two white women. Eight were initially convicted and sentenced to
death. This infamous case led to protests both around this country and abroad.
This site, another section of the Famous Trials Project
, includes accounts of the trials, a chrononlogy, biographies of key figures, letters,
newspaper articles, the appellate court court decisions, photographs, a bibliography, and
a list of relevant links. |
|
| Race and
Place: This site is an archive about the Jim Crow or racial segregation laws
from the late 1880s until the mid-twentieth century, focusing on the town of
Charlottesville, Virginia. The site contains phots, letters, newspaper articles,
city records, census data, poltical materials, and student projects. The site is a
collaborative effort of the Virginia Center for Digital History and the Carter G. Woodson Institute for
Afro-American and African Studies at the University of Virginia. The
Institute is an interdisciplinary teaching and reserach center. Its site contains a
list of its publications and a Resources page of relevant links. One section of the
site is the Proffit
Historic District, an Online Resource Archive, which focuses on a nearby Black
community established after the Civil War. The archive contains a community timeline
from 1870 to 2000, interviews, news clips, photos, maps, and a bibliography. |
|
| The Sweet Trials
1926 & 1926: Dr. Ossian Sweet, an African-American, purchased a home
in a previously all-white neighborhood in Detriot, Michigan, in 1925. Shortly after
he and his family moved in a mob gathered outside, and rocks hit the house. Shots
rang out from the house, and one hit and killed one of Sweet's new neighbors who was on
his porch. The police then arrested all eleven occupants of the Sweet home, and they
were all charged with first-degree murder. Clarence Darrow, the most famous defense
attorney of the time, represented the defendants. This site,
also part of the Famous Trials Project
, includes accounts of the trials, a chrononlogy, excerpts from the trial transcripts,
Darrow's summations, a speech by Darrow on race relations, photographs, and a
bibliography. |
|
| The Marcus Garvey and Universal
Negro Improvement Association Papers Project: Marcus Garvey lead the largest
organized mass movement in African-American history. The United States government
essentially terminated that movement when it prosecuted and convicted Garvey on mail fraud
charges filed in 1922. This research project of the James S. Coleman African Studies
Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, seeks to provide a full, objective
account of Garvey and the movement he led. The site contains short overview articles
on Garvey and the UNIA, a Fact Sheet on Garvey, a list of the Project's publications with
sample documents from each volume, a photo gallery, and a sound library containing two
speeches by Garvey. |
|
| Remembering
Rosewood: Rosewood was a small Black community in Florida.
Following an alleged attack on a white woman by an unidentified Black man on January 1,
1923, white vigilantes killed several Blacks, burned all the buildings in the town,
and forced the Black residents to flee into the woods in fear for their lives. This
site contains a brief chronology of the events in the What Really Happened section,
photos of some of the survivors, and links to other sites with information about Rosewood. |
|
| A Documented
History of the Incident Which Occured at Rosewood, Florida, in January 1923: This
site contains the report on the massacre prepared for the Florida Legislature in 1993 by a
team of researchers from several Florida universities. |
|
| Rosewood Victims v. State of
Florida: This site contains the Special Master's Report of March 24, 1994, on
an equitable claim against the State of Florida asserted by the former residents and
descendants of former residents of Rosewood seeking compensation for the deaths of their
relatives, the loss of their property, and the emotional and physical injuries inflicted
upon them. The Report summarizes the massacre, the introduction of the Bill seeking
compensation, the appointment of the academic research team, and the arguments in favor of
and against compensation. Among other things, the Special Master recommended that
the each elderly claimant who sustained emotional trauma as a result of the destruction
and forced evacuation be compensated in the amount of $150,000. |
|
| Rosewood Reborn: This
site contains a RealAudio version of a radio documentary hosted by James Earl Jones
recounting the massacre and the two million dollar survivor settlement of 1994. It
includes interviews with five survivors. The site also contains a brief summary of the massacre and
a discussion of Rosewood, the 1997 feature
film directed by John Singleton and starring Jon Voigt and Ving Rhames based
upon it. The movie's official homepage is at this Warner Brother's site. |
|
| Rosewood
Bibliography: This State Library of Florida site lists books, book
articles, journal articles, newspaper articles, internet sites, bills, and reports which
focus on the Rosewood Massacre of 1923. The Library also maintains this site with information
about Rosewood materials. |
|
| The
Tulsa Race Riot of 1921: This site contains an article on the
activities of a well-armed white mob, some of them deputized by the police, who killed
some 300 people and burned more than 3,000 homes, and the events leading up to their
rampage. The article was written by Walter White, who later became Execuitve
Director of the NAACP, and was published in the magazine, the Nation. The site also
contains links to other materials on the Riot, including the University of Tulsa
Library's site containing almost 100 photographs of the Riot.
In February 2003, a group of lawyers, including Professor Charles T.
Ogletree, Jr., of Harvard Law School, filed suit on behalf of some 200
plaintiffs seeking reparations for the lives lost, the injuries suffered,
and the property damaged and destroyed during the Riot. Professor
Ogletree's website
contains litigation documents filed in the case, newspaper articles
about the lawsuit, slides of the riot and its aftermath, and links to
other relevant sites. |
|
| The Final
Report of the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 (February 2001):
This Commission was created by the State of Oklahoma. Its report is
over 170 pages long and includes photographs. It is available only in pdf format
from the site and also from this link.
The site also permits the reading or downloading of the file divided into 4 smaller
files. |
|
| The
Race Problem and the Presidential Election of 1912: This
site is designed to help visitors understand both the racial situation in
the United States in 1912 and how the issue affected the presidential
election that year. The discussion on race relations in the South
centers upon sharecropping, lynching, and Jim Crow laws. The
election materials discuss African-American reactions to four political
parties which ran candidates for president. |
|
| The Springfield Race Riot
of 1908: This site, created by high school students, provides a detailed
account of the events surrounding the Riot and notes the role it played in the creation of
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). |
|
| The Trial of
Sheriff Joseph Shipp, et al. 1907-1908: The United States Supreme Court
has only conducted one criminal trial in its history. It resulted in the conviction
of a sheriff, a deputy, and four members of a lynch mob on charges of criminal contempt.
An apparently innocent Black man, convicted of raping a white woman, was lynched
even though the Supreme Court had stayed his scheduled execution. This site, part of
the Famous
Trials Project , includes an account of the trial, a chrononlogy, biographies
of key figures, excerpts from the trial transcript, the Supreme
Court decision, 214 U.S. 386 (1909), newspaper articles, photographs, and a
bibliography. |
|
| Defending
Home and Hearth: Walter White Recalls the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot: Vague reports
of Blacks harassing white women preceeded five days of rioting in which at least 10 Black
people were killed. In this excerpt from his memoirs, Walter White, future head of
the NAACP, recounts how he, at age 13, and his father had to defend their home from white
rioters. A review of Negrophobia: A Race Riot in Atlanta, 1906 (Encounter
Books 2001) is available from this
link. |
|
| Lynch
Law in America by Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1900): The author of this
article, an African-American journalist, led a campaign against lynching in the United
States. |
|
| U.S.
Senator declares murder of Blacks justified (1900): Senator Benjamin R.
"Pitchfork Ben" Tillman of South Carolina attempted to justify the murder of
several African-Americans by whites in this March 23, 1900 speech on the Senate floor.
He also argued that lynching and violence against Black men was needed to prevent
them from "gratifying [their] lust on our wives and daughters." It is
perhaps surprising that such racist notions were a primary reason that lynching was
tolerated as long as it was in the United States. |
|
| For Colonial Era to 1899 Links and
Materials (click here) |
|
| A Syllabus
for an African-American Literature and American Law Course: This syllabus
is part of a site which contains a collection of African-American
Literature Syllabi. |
|
| Voices from History:
The Nation magazine assembled this collection of articles originally published in
its pages over the past 135 years in honor of Black History Month 2000. The authors
include W.E.B. DuBois, Martin Luther King, Jr., James Baldwin, Alice Walker, Jesse
Jackson, and Patricia J. Williams. The site also contains of relevant links and
resources. |
|
| Africans in America:
America's Journey Through Slavery: This
website is a companion to the excellent six hour public television series of
the same name (now available on video tape and dvd). It
chronicles the history of Africans in the United States from the beginning
of the slave trade to the end of
the Civil War and is one of the most comprehensive Black History sites available on the
Internet. It contains hundreds of primary documents, images, stories,
biographies, commentaries from scholars, and a detailed narrative. |
|
| Africa and
African-Americans: The El Centro College History Department created this
website. It contains a huge list of links to African-American history sites and
materials. |
|
| Black History:
This site links six sites created as models to suggest ways to include the Web and
videoconferencing into classroom learning. One of the sites, the Black History Hotlist, is
intended as a starting point for anyone studying African-American events and issues and
includes sections on the Civil Rights Movement and slavery. |
|
| Afro-American Almanac: This
site contains a huge list of links to sites and materials related to African-American
history including historical documents, books, and biographies. |
|
| AFRO-Americ@'s Black
History Museum: The Museum has exhibits on a few Black History topics
including one on slavery which emphasizes Black resistance and an exhibit on the
Scottsboro Boys case. The Museum is actually a part of the Afro-American Newspapers Home Page, and that site
also contains news and culture sections. |
|
| Black Quest: This
is an African-American history resource website. It contains a long list of links to
African-American History, Culture, and Black Studies Resources. |
|
| About.com
African-American History: This site contains a large list of links to
sites and materials on African-American history. |
|
| The
African-American Mosaic: A Library of Congress Resource Guide for the Study of Black
History: The Mosaic itself is a Library-wide resource guide to its
African-American collections. These collections include books, periodicals, prints,
photographs, music, film, and recorded sound. The site is essentially a sampler of
the kinds of materials included in the collections and only covers four areas-
Colonialization, Abolition, Migrations, and the WPA. |
|
| African-American
Studies Resources: This Columbia University Library site contains links
to African-American Studies resources. |
|
| African-American
WWW Resources: This list of links is part of the University of California at Los Angeles Center of
African-American Studies web site. The site also contains a list of its
publications, current and past copies of its newsletter, its Cultural Studies in the
African Diaspora Project, and a number of bibliographies on specific topics such as the
Rodney King Verdict and its Aftermath, the LA Experience, and the Black Indians in the
CAAS Library section. |
|
| African-American
History Links: This site contains links to African-American history
sites. |
|
| Encyclopedia Brittannica Guide to
Black History: The Guide features 600 articles and also contains film
clips and audio recordings. Additionally, the Related Internet Links and
Bibliography sections provide good source material for further study. |
|
| Margaret's African
American History: This site contains a long list of links to sites and
materials on African-American history. |
|
| John Henrik Clarke
Africana Library: This collection at Cornell University focuses on the
history and culture of people of African ancestry. It includes links to selected
digital historical texts and links to selected full-text digital periodicals. |
|
| African-American
Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship: This Library of Congress exhibit
contains more than 240 items including manscripts, maps, and other documents. The
exhibit sections include Slavery, Reconstruction, and Civil Rights. |
|
| Pamphlets from the
Daniel A.P. Murray Collection 1818-1907: This collection of pamphlets is
part of the American Memory Project of the Library of Congress. The bulk of these
works by African-Americans were published between 1875 and 1900. The authors include
Frederick Douglas, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, and Booker T. Washington. One of the
documents included is the text of a speech given by D. Augustus Straker to
African-American law graduates of Allen University in 1884. |
|
| African-American Web Connection:
This site is an African-American cyber gateway for the entire family. The
categories of links include history, organizations, prominent people, publications,
resources, and authors. |
|
| EverythingBlack.com:
This site is an African-American portal and contains links in categories ranging
from Art and Humanities to History to Reference to Sports. |
|
| Black Voices: This
site, another African-American portal, includes news, editorials, and mutltimedia essays. |
|
| Netnoir.com: This
African-American portal is divided into "channels" including news, health,
women, gospel, music, tv/film, and lifestyle. |
|
| Africana.com: This
portal is designed to bring together authoritative information about the world of Africa
and her Diaspora. The site includes news, essays, and articles from the United
States and around the world. |
|
| The BlackMarket.com:
This site contains a long list of links to sites related to
African-Americans. |
|
| Universal Black Pages: The
purpose of this site is to maintaina comprehensive listing of African-diaspora related Web
pages. |
|
